Plasmodium falciparum histidine triad protein and calmodulin modulates calcium homeostasis and intracellular proteolysis.

Calcium signaling has an essential role in fundamental processes of Plasmodium life cycle， including migration， cell invasion and parasite development. Two important players in calcium homeostasis， the Histidine Triad (HIT) protein that is implicated in calcium signaling in mammalian cells and calmodulin， which is a classic calcium sensor in eukaryotes are present in Plasmodium falciparum， however theirs function is unknown in the parasite. Here， we investigated the involvement of the P. falciparum Histidine Triad protein (PfHint-1) and calmodulin (PfCaM) in calcium signaling and intracellular proteolysis. For this， we targeted PfHint-1 with a hemagglutinin tail and overexpressed both proteins. We observed that PfHint-1 is expressed throughout the erythrocytic stages and partially colocalizes to the endoplasmic reticulum. Parasites overexpressing PfHint-1 displayed lower ER Ca content and a higher [Ca] rise in the parasite cytosol upon Ca addition to the extracellular medium after depletion of ER calcium store. PfCaM-overexpressing parasites exhibit a higher [Ca] rise after challenge with the calmodulin inhibitor， calmidazolium. The calcium-dependent proteolytic activity in PfCaM- and PfHint-1-overexpressing parasites was increased and correlated to alterations in calcium homeostasis. Taken together， our results indicate the participation of these proteins in P. falciparum fundamental cellular processes and highlights promising targets for the development of antimalarial drugs.